Incidência de dor pós-operatória após instrumentação do canal cementário em canais com necrose pulpar / Incidence of postoperative pain after instrumentation of the cemental canal canals with pulp necrosis

Introdução: tem sido sugerida a instrumentação do canal cementário em casos de necrose pulpar; porém, a possibilidade de aumento de incidência de dor pós-operatória ainda é motivo de polêmica. Métodos: após tratamento endodôntico com instrumentação do canal cementário de 90 canais com necrose pulpar, avaliou-se a dor pós-operatória por meio de uma escala visual analógica, e os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo teste qui-quadrado, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: os resultados mostraram ausência de dor em 86 (95,5%) tratamentos, e presença de dor leve em 4 (4,5%) casos, com diferença estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,05). Conclusão: conclui-se que a incidência de dor pós-operatória após a instrumentação do canal cementário no tratamento endodôntico de canais com necrose pulpar é muito baixa, e que, quando ocorre, é de intensidade leve

Apical third enlargement of the root canal and its relationship with the repair of periapical lesions.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate if the apical third enlargement of root canal is the determinant factor for the repair of periapical lesions in endodontic treatment. METHODS: Eighty upper and lower incisors, canines and premolars with periapical lesions were randomly divided in 2 groups and were treated by undergraduate students. Canals were instrumented with up to 3 files in group I (n = 40) and up to 4 files in group II (n = 40) 1 mm short of the apex and were filled with a calcium hydroxide dressing. After removing calcium hydroxide 14 days later, both groups were filled using the lateral condensation technique. In the 2-year follow-up, a few patients did not return, and some cases did not present conditions for accurate comparisons. Therefore, only 43 patients (24 in group I and 19 in group II) presented conditions for radiographic comparisons. Data were statistically analyzed using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Comparison of the initial and follow-up radiographs showed that 22 out of 24 (91.67%) patients in group I and 17 out of 19 patients (89.47%) in group II showed repair. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between the groups (P>.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that the apical third enlargement did not alter the outcome of endodontic treatment of teeth with periapical lesion performed by undergraduate students.

Healing of a tooth with an overinstrumented apex, extensive transportation and periapical lesion using a 5 mm calcium hydroxide apical plug: an 8-year follow-up report

Besides the risk of filling material extrusion throughout the apex, a satisfactory apical seal can be difficult to achieve in canals with open apices or iatrogenic enlargements of the apical constriction. These situations pose a challenge to root canal filling. This paper describes the root canal filling of a maxillary right canine with an overinstrumented apex, complete loss of the apical stop, extensive canal transportation and apical periodontitis. A 5 mm calcium hydroxide apical plug was placed before root canal filling. The plug was made by soaking paper points with saline, dipping the points in calcium hydroxide powder and then applying it to the apex several times, until a consistent apical plug was obtained. The canal was then irrigated with saline in order to remove any residual calcium hydroxide from the root canal walls, dried with paper points and obturated with an inverted #80 gutta-percha cone and zinc oxide-eugenol based sealer by the lateral condensation technique. An 8-year radiographic follow-up showed formation of mineralized tissue sealing the apical foramen, apical remodeling and no signs of apical periodontitis.

Além do risco de extrusão periapical de material obturador pelo ápice, pode ser difícil conseguir um bom selamento apical em dentes com rizogênese incompleta ou alargamentos iatrogênicos da constrição apical. Casos assim representam um desafio durante a obturação do canal. Este caso clínico descreve a obturação de um canino superior direito com perda total da constrição apical por sobreinstrumentação, transporte excessivo e lesão periapical. Antes da obturação foi feito um tampão apical de hidróxido de cálcio com 5 mm de extensão. Para a realização do tampão, pontas de papel absorvente foram umedecidas em soro fisiológico, levadas ao pó do hidróxido de cálcio para absorvê-lo e aplicadas várias vezes no ápice até se conseguir um tampão apical consistente. Em seguida o canal foi irrigado com solução salina para a remoção de eventuais resíduos de hidróxido de cálcio das suas paredes, secado com pontas de papel absorvente e obturado com um cone #80 de guta percha invertido e cimento obturador à base de óxido de zinco e eugenol pela técnica da condensação lateral. O acompanhamento radiográfico de 8 anos mostrou selamento apical por tecido mineralizado, remodelação do ápice e reparo da lesão periapical.

Influence of apical foramen lateral opening and file size on cemental canal instrumentation.

Since instrumentation of the apical foramen has been suggested for cleaning and disinfection of the cemental canal, selection of the file size and position of the apical foramen have challenging steps. This study analyzed the influence of apical foramen lateral opening and file size can exert on cemental canal instrumentation. Thirty-four human maxillary central incisors were divided in two groups: Group 1 (n=17), without flaring, and Group 2 (n=17), with flaring with LA Axxess burs. K-files of increasing diameters were progressively inserted into the canal until binding at the apical foramen was achieved and tips were visible and bonded with ethyl cyanoacrylate adhesive. Roots/files set were cross-sectioned 5 mm from the apex. Apices were examined by scanning electron microscopy at ×140 and digital images were captured. Data were analyzed statistically by Student's t test and Fisher's exact test at 5% significance level. SEM micrographs showed that 19 (56%) apical foramina emerged laterally to the root apex, whereas 15 (44%) coincided with it. Significantly more difficulty to reach the apical foramen was noted in Group 2. Results suggest that the larger the foraminal file size, the more difficult the apical foramen instrumentation may be in laterally emerged cemental canals.

Influence of apical foramen lateral opening and file size on cemental canal instrumentation

Since instrumentation of the apical foramen has been suggested for cleaning and disinfection of the cemental canal, selection of the file size and position of the apical foramen have challenging steps. This study analyzed the influence of apical foramen lateral opening and file size can exert on cemental canal instrumentation. Thirty-four human maxillary central incisors were divided in two groups: Group 1 (n=17), without flaring, and Group 2 (n=17), with flaring with LA Axxess burs. K-files of increasing diameters were progressively inserted into the canal until binding at the apical foramen was achieved and tips were visible and bonded with ethyl cyanoacrylate adhesive. Roots/files set were cross-sectioned 5 mm from the apex. Apices were examined by scanning electron microscopy at ×140 and digital images were captured. Data were analyzed statistically by Student’s t test and Fisher’s exact test at 5% significance level. SEM micrographs showed that 19 (56%) apical foramina emerged laterally to the root apex, whereas 15 (44%) coincided with it. Significantly more difficulty to reach the apical foramen was noted in Group 2. Results suggest that the larger the foraminal file size, the more difficult the apical foramen instrumentation may be in laterally emerged cemental canals.

Tendo em vista que a instrumentação do forame apical tem sido sugerida para a limpeza e desinfecção do canal cementário, a seleção do calibre do instrumento e a posição do forame apical representam passos desafiantes. Este estudo analisou a influência que a saída lateral do forame apical e o calibre do instrumento podem exercer na instrumentação do canal cementário. Trinta e quatro incisivos centrais superiores foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (n=17), sem preparo cervical, e Grupo 2 (n=17), com preparo cervical com brocas LA Axxess. Limas K com aumentos de diâmetro foram progressivamente inseridas no canal até ajustar no forame apical e as pontas ficarem visíveis e foram fixadas com adesivo de etil cianoacrilato. Os conjuntos raízes/limas foram seccionados transversalmente a 5 mm aquém do ápice. Os ápices foram examinados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura com aumento de 140x e imagens digitais foram capturadas. Os dados foram examinados estatisticamente pelo teste t de Student e teste exato de Fischer com nível de significância de 5%. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou que 19 (56%) dos forames apicais saíram lateralmente em relação ao ápice radicular, enquanto que 15 (44%) coincidiram com ele. Dificuldade significantemente maior para chegar ao forame apical foi observada no Grupo 2. Os resultados sugerem que quanto mais calibroso for o instrumento foraminal, mais difícil poderá ser a instrumentação do forame apical em canais cementários que apresentam saída lateral.

Healing of a tooth with an overinstrumented apex, extensive transportation and periapical lesion using a 5 mm calcium hydroxide apical plug: an 8-year follow-up report.

Besides the risk of filling material extrusion throughout the apex, a satisfactory apical seal can be difficult to achieve in canals with open apices or iatrogenic enlargements of the apical constriction. These situations pose a challenge to root canal filling. This paper describes the root canal filling of a maxillary right canine with an overinstrumented apex, complete loss of the apical stop, extensive canal transportation and apical periodontitis. A 5 mm calcium hydroxide apical plug was placed before root canal filling. The plug was made by soaking paper points with saline, dipping the points in calcium hydroxide powder and then applying it to the apex several times, until a consistent apical plug was obtained. The canal was then irrigated with saline in order to remove any residual calcium hydroxide from the root canal walls, dried with paper points and obturated with an inverted #80 gutta-percha cone and zinc oxide-eugenol based sealer by the lateral condensation technique. An 8-year radiographic follow-up showed formation of mineralized tissue sealing the apical foramen, apical remodeling and no signs of apical periodontitis.

Relationship between files that bind at the apical foramen and foramen openings in maxillary central incisors--a SEM study.

Considering that instrumentation of the apical foramen has been suggested for root canal infection control, this study analyzed the relationship between the files that bind at the apical foramen and the foraminal openings in 50 maxillary central incisors. After preparation of the pulp chamber, access to the canal was obtained with #1 and 2 LA Axxess and K-files with tip cut were inserted up to the apical foramen until binding was felt. The files were fixed with methyl cyanoacrylate and the tooth-file sets were cross-sectioned 10 mm short of the apex. Scanning electron microscopic analysis was carried out and files and foraminal areas were measured using Image Tool software. Statistically significant difference (p<0.0001) was found between files and the apical foraminal areas. The mean foraminal area was 3.8 times larger than the mean file area. The results of this study suggest that it would require 4 files of greater size beyond the one that bound to the foramen in order to allow a better relationship between files and apical openings of maxillary central incisors.

Apical limit of root canal filling and its relationship with success on endodontic treatment of a mandibular molar: 11-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: This article discusses the relationship between apical limit of root canal filling and success on endodontic treatment of a mandibular molar. STUDY DESIGN: A mandibular right first molar with vital pulp was endodontically treated, and 3 years later periapical lesions on mesial and distal roots were detected. The canals were retreated and obturated to the same levels as in the previous treatment. RESULTS: An 8-year radiographic follow-up showed repair of the periapical lesions on both roots. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that the apical limit of obturation seems to have no influence in the repair of periapical tissues in mandibular molars.

Relationship between files that bind at the apical foramen and foramen openings in maxillary central incisors - a SEM study

Considering that instrumentation of the apical foramen has been suggested for root canal infection control, this study analyzed the relationship between the files that bind at the apical foramen and the foraminal openings in 50 maxillary central incisors. After preparation of the pulp chamber, access to the canal was obtained with #1 and 2 LA Axxess and K-files with tip cut were inserted up to the apical foramen until binding was felt. The files were fixed with methyl cyanoacrylate and the tooth-file sets were cross-sectioned 10 mm short of the apex. Scanning electron microscopic analysis was carried out and files and foraminal areas were measured using Image Tool software. Statistically significant difference (p<0.0001) was found between files and the apical foraminal areas. The mean foraminal area was 3.8 times larger than the mean file area. The results of this study suggest that it would require 4 files of greater size beyond the one that bound to the foramen in order to allow a better relationship between files and apical openings of maxillary central incisors.

Uma vez que a instrumentação do forame apical tem sido sugerida para o controle de infecção do canal radicular, este estudo analisou a relação entre as limas que se ajustam no forame apical e a abertura foraminal em cinquenta incisivos centrais superiores. Após o preparo da câmara pulpar, foi feito o acesso radicular com as brocas LA Axxess #1 e 2 e limas K com a ponta cortada foram inseridas até que oferecessem a sensação tátil de ajuste no forame apical. Foram fixadas com cianoacrilato de metila e o conjunto dente-lima foi seccionado a 10 mm aquém do ápice. Foi feita a microscopia eletrônica de varredura e as áreas das limas e dos forames foram medidas por meio do Image Tool software. A análise estatística demonstrou diferença significante entre as áreas das limas e dos forames (p<0,0001). A média da área dos forames apicais foi 3,8 vezes maior que a das limas. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que seriam necessários 4 instrumentos de calibre maior além do que se ajustou para que haja melhor relação entre as limas e as aberturas foraminais nos incisivos centrais superiores.

Posição do forame apical e sua relação com o calibre do instrumento foraminal / Location of the apical foramen and its relationship with foraminal file size

Introdução: o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a posição do forame apical e sua relação com o calibre do instrumento foraminal nos incisivos centrais superiores. Métodos: oitenta e quatro incisivos centrais superiores foram usados neste estudo. Limas K foram introduzidas com aumento sequencial de calibres no canal radicular até a ponta ficar visível no forame e oferecer a sensação tátil de ajuste no canal cementário. Foram retiradas,os dentes foram seccionados transversalmente a 10mm aquém do ápice radicular e as limas reintroduzidas até o forame, quando foram fixadas com cianoacrilato de metila.Após a polimerização do cianoacrilato de metila, as limas foram seccionadas no mesmo nível do corte da raiz.Os ápices foram examinados por meio de microscópio eletrônico de varredura sob aumento de 140x, as imagens foram capturadas digitalmente e os resultados submetidos ao teste do qui-quadrado com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: observou-se que 63 (75%) forames apresentaram saída lateral em relação ao ápice radicular e 21 (25%) coincidiram com ele. Os resultados demonstraram haver significância estatística ( 2ג =22,1; p=0,00).Para testar a diferença de proporção, foi utilizado o testedo qui-quadrado com nível de significância de 5%,que demonstrou haver significância estatística ( 2ג =22,1;p=0,00). Conclusão: a saída lateral do forame apical é mais frequente do que a saída no ápice radicular nos incisivos centrais superiores, e essa característica anatômica pode interferir no calibre do instrumento foraminal

Aim: This article analyzed the location of the apical foramenand its relationship with foraminal file size in maxillarycentral incisors. Methods: Eighty four human maxillarycentral incisors were used in this study. K-files of progressivelyincreasing diameters were inserted into the root canaluntil it got snugly fit and the tip was visible at the apicalforamen. The files were removed and teeth were crosssectioned10 mm from the root apex. The files were thenreinserted, fixed with a cyanoacrylate-based adhesive, andsectioned at the same level as the root. The root apiceswere examined using a scanning electron microscope set at140x magnification, the images were captured digitally andthe results were subjected to Chi-square test. Results: Itwas observed that 63 (75%) of the apical foramen emergedlaterally to the root apex and 21 (25%) coincided with theapex. The results presented statistically significant differences( 2ג =22.1; p=0.00). Conclusions: Lateral emergenceof the apical foramen is more common than coincidence ofthe foramen with the apex in maxillary central incisors. Thisanatomical characteristic may have influence on determinationof the foraminal file size.

Infuência do calibre do espaçador na qualidade da obturação / Infuence of the spreaders diameter on root canal filling quality

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a infuência de dois espaçadores de calibres diferentes sobre o selamento da obturação endodôntica. Trinta e quatro dentes humanos unirradiculares extraídos foram preparados e divididos em dois grupos experimentais (n=15) e dois grupos controle (n=2). A obturação foi realizada por meio da técnica da condensação lateral, utilizando-se dos espaçadores B (grupo I) e D (grupo II) (Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switerland). Após 45 dias imersas em soro fisiológico, as raízes foram impermeabilizadas com duas camadas de esmalte vermelho para unhas, excetuando-se 1 mm apical, e em seguida colocadas em solução de azul de metileno a 2% por 72 horas a 37ºC. As amostras foram seccionadas no sentido longitudinal e a microinfltração ápice-coroa mensurada com lupa estereoscópica com aumento de 20x e analisada estatisticamente. Os resultados demonstraram não haver diferença signifcante entre os dois grupos.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the infuence of two endodontic spreaders with diferent calibers on lateral condensation seal. Thirty four human anterior teeth were used, from which four were for control groups. After instrumentation, they were randomly divided in two experimental groups (n=15). In group I root canal filling was done with spreader B and in group II with spreader D. After 45 days in saline solution, roots were covered with two layers of red finger nail, except for the last apical 1mm, put in 2% methylene blue dye for 72 hours at 37ºC and cut longitudinally. Microleakage was measured and statistically analyzed. results do not show signifcant diference between both groups.

Qual o material que o profissional deve escolher para o selamento de fóssulas e fissuras? / Wich material the professional must chose for pit and fissure sealantment?

Os autores abordam o uso dos selantes resinosos e ionoméricos e sugerem algumas indicações para o uso dos selantes em Odontopediatria. Os agentes seladores à base de BIS-GMA, fundamentados em estudos epidemiológicos, mostram-se efetivos na redução de lesões de cárie na superfície oclusal, enquanto que o cimento de ionômero de vidro, como selante de fóssulas e fissuras, parece ser um material promissor. A indicação da utilização de cada um deles está associada às suas características e ao senso clínico do profissional para eleger aquele mais conveniente às necessidades individuais do paciente